- (late – lately-later)
• متأخر late
• She was sorry because she came late.
• مؤخرا – حديثا lately
• He has bought a new car lately.
• فيما بعد later
• He went to the market. Later, he visited his uncle.
2- (remember – remind)
• يتذكر (من ذات نفسه) remember
• Ahmed remembered to send the letter.
• يذكر remind
• The secretary reminded me of the conference.
3- (trip – journey – voyage – flight)
رحلة جوية fight- رحلة بحرية voyage- رحلة برية طويلة journey- رحلة برية قصيرة trip
4- on
فى يوم ... on Saturday – on Monday / فى مهمة عمل on business/فى وقت العمل on duty
فى أجازة on holiday/ فى الوقت المحدد on time
Grammar
الاستنتاج 1- Deduction
Deductions in the past Deductions in the present
must have + pp تأكد مثبت must + infinitive
can’t have + pp تأكد منفى can’t + infinitive
may have + pp احتمالية may + infinitive
might have + pp احتمالية ضعيفة might + infinitive
1- يمكن استخدام could have + pp للتعبير عن أشياء كان من الممكن حدوثها فى الماضى ولكنها لم تحدث.
• It was possible for him to travel abroad but he didn’t.
• He could have traveled abroad.
2- تستخدم couldn’t have +pp لبيان استحالة حدوث الشيء فى الماضى.
• It is impossible that he moved that big stone.
• He couldn’t have moved that big stone.
2- تستخدم (should) shouldn’t have + pp للتعبير عن نصيحة فى الماضى
• You should have studied hard for the exam.
• You shouldn’t have done that silly thing.
3- تستخدم must أيضا للتعبير عن الضرورة ونفيها don’t have to و doesn’t have to وماضيها had to
والضرورة فى المستقبل will have to.
4- تستخدم needn’t و don’t have to و doesn’t have to للتعبير عن عدم الضرورة.
الروابط Conjunctions
أولا: روابط الغرض
إذا كانت الجملة الثانية غرضا للأولى.
لكى to / in order to / so as to
• يأتي فى وسط الجملة (أو أولها) • يليه مصدر الفعل • تنفى بوضع not قبل to
• He would like to join the sports club so as to get fit.
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لكى so that / in order that/in the hope that
• فى وسط الجملة •بعدها ضمير يعود على فاعل الجملة الثانية
• ونستخدم can / mayفى زمن المضارع اوالمستقبل أو الأمر و could / might فى زمن الماضى.
• He would like to join the sports club so that he can get fit.
ملحوظة:
• تحذف wanted to / wish to / hope to عند استخدام الروابط السابقة ونستخدمها مع روابط السبب.
• He would like to join the sports club because he wanted to get fit.
• He would like to join the sports club to (in order that he can) get fit.
بينما As – While
• تستخدم للتعبير عن حدث كان مستمرا فى الماضى وقطعه حدث آخر.
As (while) + past continuous + past simple
• As (While) Hala was studying, her friend phoned.
• تستخدم للتعبير عن حدث كان مستمرا فى الماضى وفى نفس الوقت كان هناك حدثا آخر مستمرا معه.
As (While) + past continuous + past continuous
• As (While) dad was reading, mum was cooking.
• يأتيان فى أول الجملة أو وسطها.
أثناء During
• تستخدم بدلا من while – as ولكن يأتي بعدها اسم
• He fell asleep during the film.
• During his stay in London, he met some old friends.
________________________________________
1) Choose the correct answer:
1- It was your fault. You (shouldn’t – must – should – might) have behaved that way.
2- You (don’t have – needn’t – mustn’t - can’t) to tell me. I’ve already known everything.
3- Thank God, no one was injured (when – at – while – during) the fire.
4- The crew sailed the (plane – train – rocket – ship) safely to the port.
5- He lost his way in the desert. He (can’t have forgotten – should have forgotten – must have forgotten – didn’t forget).
6- We’ll go out as soon as it stops (sailing – raining – feeling – meeting).
7- He took his umbrella (as – so that – while – during) he wouldn’t get wet in the rain.
8- The Titanic (fired – sank – sailed – swam) under the waves of the Atlantic.
9- He sent me a phone message (during – as – so that – when) I could meet him.
10- (Ships – Trains – Planes – Rockets) can travel into space.
11- There (must – might – should - can’t) have been anyone with no seat at the meeting with the president.
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12- (Drinks – Cars – Lifeboats – Fishermen), on a ship, are necessary in time of danger.
13- The (passengers – crew – people – women) fired rockets as a message for help.
14- I think he (must be – should have been – must have been – shouldn’t have been) rude to his friends.
15- No one answered my call. My aunt (can’t – must – might – may) have been at home.
16- She bought a new Mercedes. She (must have paid – can’t have paid – must pay – can’t pay) a wealth for it.
17- This Ahmed’s passport. He (must have – can’t have – might have – had) travelled yet.
18- Fadi looks happy. He (didn’t pass – can’t have passed – must have passed – might have passed)
his exams.
19- I am not sure, he (must have attended – can’t have attended – might attend – might have attended) the party yesterday.
20- He adds much (salt – pepper – paper – sugar) to his food to make it taste hot.
2) Re-write the following sentences using the words(s) in brackets to give the same meaning:
1- He bought a camera to take photos of the journey. (so that)
2- She looked beautiful while she was attending the wedding party. (during)
3- I'm sure he wasn’t at home yesterday. (can’t)
4- It isn’t necessary to do all the work now. (needn’t)
5- I don’t think he traveled abroad. (might)
6- I don’t think he passed the test. (have)
7- I think he wasn’t at school. (might)
8- Perhaps she wrote the report. (might)
9- I’m certain that Ali went to the cinema. (must)
10- I think I forgot my keys at home. (must)
11- I am sure dad didn’t go to work yesterday. (can’t)
12- I don’t think Salaw went shopping. (might)
13- I am almost sure they missed the train. (have)
13- It is certain Adel didn’t come back. (have)
14- It isn’t allowed to enter this office. (mustn’t)
15- Must you arrange everything for the journey? (Do)
16- I'm sure he did what was best for us. (must)
3) Read and correct the underlined words:
1- The crew of the ship sent a letter for help.
2- Columbus discovered Africa.
3- You needn’t disobey your parents.
4- She can’t have passed the test. She is very happy.
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4) Write what you would say in each of the following situations:
1- You see a thief running in the street.
2- You are almost sure your father forgot his mobile phone somewhere.
3- Your friend didn’t help a friend in trouble. You advise him.
4- Students say Ali stole a calculator. You are quite sure he didn’t.
الأربعاء أبريل 07, 2010 2:41 pm
